Open Society Foundations: Somalis in Copenhagen

[Kemolitor]

Somalis in Copenhagen

Somalisaagan seitsemäs ja viimeinen osa on ilmestynyt. Kyseessä on siis Open Society Foundationsin raportti Somalis in Copenhagen.

Ketjut aikaisemmista OSF:n somaliraporteista:
Somalis in Helsinki
Somalis in Oslo
Somalis in Malmö
Somalis in Amsterdam
Somalis in Leicester
Somalis in London

Itse raportti :
Somalis in Copenhagen (pdf, 162 s.)

Tiivistelmä:
Somalis in Copenhagen: Executive Summary (pdf, 6 s.)

Aihetta sivuten:
Muutoksia Tanskan maahanmuuttopolitiikassa 1999-2008


Tiivistelmästä:

Immigration from Somalia to Denmark is quite a new phenomenon and is very much linked to the political situation in Somalia. Before 1989, only a couple of hundred Somali immigrants lived in Denmark, but by 2001 more than 16,000 people with a Somali background lived in Denmark. As of 1 July 2014, 19,163 persons were defined as being of Somali origin in Denmark.

there is a general understanding and perception of the media as dominated by negative stereotypes of Danish-Somalis and Somalis elsewhere.

The Danish-Somali population in Copenhagen is small (4,500 people) but along a number of demographic and socio-economic parameters, the average Danish-Somalis differ from the average population in Copenhagen, for example it is a younger population, the vast majority living in rented accommodation and having below-average incomes; there are more singleparent families, more children in families, lower rates of employment and a higher unemployment rates.

One of the most consistent findings in the interviews was the very high level of discrimination and stereotyping experienced among people with a Danish-Somali background

Two kinds of assessments of discrimination and stereotyping were typical across ethnicities:
discrimination perceived as wrong but more or less almost a given and very difficult to do anything about the continuously negative media and political representation of Danish-Somalis is the root cause for powerful discrimination and stereotyping

Discrimination was experienced in many contexts: the educational system, the media and labour market were mentioned most often, but also was felt in the social housing neighbourhoods and the city administration, especially among young men by the police and connected with nightlife.

The discrimination experienced among Danish-Somalis indicates the presence of a kind of institutionalised discrimination and lack of effective prevention and sanctions.

The level of experienced discrimination in the educational system was very high, and even though experiences may relate to schools in other municipalities it emphasises a need to deal more explicitly with discrimination in the classroom.

Many of those interviewed were very critical and offended by the government officially terming their social housing neighbourhood a "ghetto", and perceived it as an insult and yet another mechanism of exclusion.

Mental problems and diseases were specific areas of concern and according to the focus group discussions, there are many Danish-Somalis with mental illness who are not given the proper treatment and care by the authorities. The fear of being stigmatised and socially excluded among the Danish-Somalis is parallel to the general experience of mental illness as a stigma, even though it may be spoken about in different terms.

Many in the focus groups agreed that the relationship between changing gender roles and the struggles of many Danish-Somali men in Denmark is linked to the widespread phenomenon of khat and alcohol abuse and homelessness.

Syrjintää, syrjintää, syrjintää ja vielä vähän lisää syrjintää. Ei kai se ihme ole, että alkaa päästä viirata ja khatti maistua.


2. Population and demographics s. 21 - 28

s. 21: Immigration from Somalia to Denmark is a fairly new phenomenon linked to the political situation in Somalia. Before 1989, only a couple of hundred Somali immigrants lived in Denmark4 but by 2012 there were more than 19,000 people with a Somali background living in Denmark, most of them on resident permits granted because of asylum or family unification and part of more than 1 million people who fled Somalia.

Experiences on immigration to Denmark seem to be linked to the time of arrival. Somali immigrants from the 1970s and 1980s often have positive experiences and memories of coming to Denmark, whereas the larger influx of Somali refugees into Denmark during the 1990s coincides with the rise of more visible and aggressive antiimmigration political rhetoric in Denmark.

Olipa hölmö johtopäätös. Tuskin saapumisajankohdalla varsinaisesti on merkitystä vaan tulijamäärillä.

s. 22: Survey data from 1993 on Danish attitudes to refugees and immigrants showed that the Somali refugees were rather popular, more popular than Iranians and Palestinians. But in 1999, a new study on the experience of discrimination showed that the Somali population experienced more discrimination than any other ethnic-minority group in Denmark.

Somaleita ei pelkästään syrjitä Tanskassa vaan heitä syrjitään etnisistä ryhmistä eniten. Saavutus se on tuokin.

s. 23: A turning point in the public discussion on immigration and ethnic diversity was a media campaign in 1997 run by the tabloid newspaper Ekstra Bladet. It was a combination of a series of articles in the newspaper and posters in public spaces under the headline "De Fremmede" (The Aliens), questioning the issue of immigration and diversity, for example by writing headlines such as "Where is the limit for tolerance?" in both Danish and Arabic and depicting the transformation of Denmark from a peaceful society to a multi-ethnic society "again and again as a crime committed by politicians against the Danish people". In this campaign a smiling Somali man called "Ali", with two women and three children shown on the front page of the paper, became the iconic picture of the unwanted stranger: Ali was a Somali refugee who was granted asylum in 1992 and in 1994 he was joined by his wife and their six children through the family unification process: at the same time four of his other children and their mother were granted family unification and the11th child was born in Denmark.

s. 24: Headline in the tabloid Ekstra Bladet in 1997 as part of their campaign against "aliens": Receives 631,724 DKK [approximately €83,500] in Social welfare. The text below the photo is: Ali with some of his children in Maribo. 'In Somalia women have to be circumcised according to Islamic tradition. My wives are circumcised. But what am I going to do with my daughters'. The article describes the family: Ali keeps his circumcised illiterate wives in strict isolation according to Somali custom [...] The school age children must come home straight away and only play indoors [...] [Ali knows] nothing about modern installations [...] The Danish Refugee Council has, for instance, not told him how a toilet is used [...] The house in Nysted will be left so neglected that reestablishment will cost the taxpayers approximately 100,000 DKK [€13,500]. It has happened before, the Somalis are nomads, and Ali has lived seven different places.

Karua tekstiä.

s. 26: The educational level among the Danish-Somali population is lower than among the rest of the population in Copenhagen. For just over half of the Danish-Somali population in Copenhagen, 51.1 percent, lower secondary school (Folkeskolen) is the highest level of education completed, compared with 20.3 percent of the total population. The difference is less pronounced at the upper secondary level, where 13.7 percent of the Danish-Somali population completed their education; among the total population the figure is 16.4 percent. Among Danish-Somalis, 16.6 percent complete vocational education as their highest level. Notably, while 32.8 percent of the general population complete a bachelor's or master's degree, just 5.7 percent of Danish-Somalis do so.

s. 27: The Danish-Somali population in Copenhagen also have lower incomes than the total population in Copenhagen. The average income for the total population in 2010 was DKK 261,000 (about €34,991), and at least 78 percent of the Danish-Somali population was below this level. Over 31 percent of Somalis earned DKK 99,999 or less (approximately €13,406) while only 17.4 percent of the total population had income this low. Nearly half of the Danish-Somali population earned DKK 100,000–299,000 (about €13,407–40,086), compared with 30 percent at this level of income for the general population in Copenhagen. Just 7.6 percent of the Danish-Somali population earned more than DKK 300,000 (approximately €40,220) compared with 36.5 percent among the total population.

Compared with the total population of Copenhagen, the prevalence of single parents in the Danish-Somali population is high: 17.9 percent of the Danish-Somalis are single parents, of which 94.4 percent are women. By comparison 4.61 percent of the general adult population are single parents, 86.6 percent women and 13.4 percent men. The Danish-Somali single parents have on average 2.8 children per person, while the national average single parent has 1.4 children. The majority of Danish-Somali children, 63.8 percent, live with a single parent, compared with the total population, where 28.4 percent of children live with one parent.

3. Policy context s. 29 - 35

s. 30: An integration contract between the migrant and the municipality specifies that participation in the integration programme is compulsory; those who fail to attend lose their social security benefits.

In 2012, 337 Somalis were granted asylum in Denmark and 60 Somalis arrived to reunite with their families. The number of these immigrants that came to Copenhagen is not available.

4. Identity and belonging s. 36 - 51

s. 38: Danish-Somalis feel that they are not treated as well as some other communities. They feel that this relates to the different historical migration of Somalis compared with other ethnic communities, and that other communities are better organised, economically and socio-culturally.

s. 39: Furthermore, for Danish-Somalis, as well as other Muslim immigrants, religion may hinder direct assimilation into the society. Religiosity among the Somali migrants may increase or diminish while in diaspora, but most remain Muslim.

Some respondents believe that their religious values complicate the adoption of all the social values found in Danish society;
I am a Muslim—is it possible to integrate the Danish society—as a Muslim I have a limitation—we have different drinking and food styles—there are limits on what we can integrate.

Niinpä niin. Vaikeata on integroitua, jos on valmiiksi lista asioista, joista ei edes keskustella. Tästä tulikin mieleen ketju:
2014-01-27 Tanska: Tanskan kansanpuolue haluaa lopun muslimien maahanmuutolle

The impact of religious identity on the integration of Somalis and other Muslims is also made more difficult by the fact that most Danes have come to know Islam and the Muslim identity through a post-9/11 worldview. It is the extremist version that has dominated the public discourse and which is accepted as reality without the necessary critical reflection to differentiate facts from myths.

Eiköhän Tanskassa muslimeista tule aika monelle ensimmäisenä mieleen Muhammed-aiheiset pilakuvat:
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyllands-Postenin_pilapiirrokset
ja niistä noussut muslimien älämölö.

Tanskassakin ravintolat haluavat valikoida asiakkaitaan:

s. 42: The Council of Europe's European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) has referred to research among 200 minority youth and 181 ethnic Danes showing that even minority youth who are born and raised in Denmark had difficulties entering nightclubs. Among the minority youth responding, 59 percent of those aged 25–34 years old stated that they had been refused entry into a discotheque or a nightclub, compared with only 18 percent of ethnic Danes. The survey further revealed that the darker a person's skin, the more frequently they were denied entry: while 44 percent of people from the former Yugoslavia were refused entry, the figure was 54 percent for Turks and 79 percent for Somalis.

Kansanpuolueen johtaja oli jopa rohjennut rinnastaa somalit raiskaajiin:

Another incident referenced in the report was a statement from the leader of the right-wing populist party, the Danish People's Party, comparing Somalis with rapists.

Oikeastaan tämä koko luku on loputonta valitusta syrjinnästä. Eipä sitä sitten tietenkään voi integroidua, koska on syrjintää ja rasismia.

s. 48: The findings from the Open Society Foundations' focus groups suggest that greater interaction and integration are also hindered by the experience of discrimination and racism.

Opettajat käyvät somalilasten hermoille, joten somalilapset sortuvat rikosten poluille:

s. 49: I just sat there, crying for my son who turned thirteen last year. He's been to Somalia, when he was six years old, for two months ... A lot of children get involved in crime in this way. Because they are so angry with their teachers. This is something that it's really important that we keep in mind.

5. Education s. 52 - 68

Yllättäen Tanskassakin uskonto hankaloittaa somalityttöjen koulunkäyntiä:

s. 55: In regard to physical education, parties and school camps the participants referred to gender limitations because of their religious practices: difficulties wearing the scarf and a skirt in gym classes; (Somali) boys may try alcohol, but the girls could not imagine doing so; three of the participants were not allowed to join their class camps on religious grounds.

Muistaakseni alkomahooli on aivan yhtälailla kiellettyä niin nais- kuin miespuolisiltakin muslimeilta. Vihjaileeko kirjoittaja siis, että somalipojat eivät ole hartaita muslimeja?

Kouluissakin on kovasti syrjintää:

s. 65: One of the stakeholders, who is in regular contact with a large number of Somali women, stressed that education is a major locus for experiences of discrimination:
Discrimination is actually a massive theme within schools, the fact that there are many parents and children who say so ... There are some who feel that the teachers target their children or even discriminate against them and in these cases integration councillors are useful mediators who can help propose solutions ... and [discriminated] not just by those who are ethnically Danish but also by other ethnic groups.

Myös Tanskassa tunnetaan käytäntö, jossa tuhmat lapset viedään Somaliaan uudelleenkoulutusleireille:

s. 66: One stakeholder of Danish-Somali background referred to an incident in which she was involved where a young boy in 8th grade was starting to hang out with undesirable friends, and had twice been arrested for minor thefts. The mother was very traditional and religious. Her strategy was a re-education trip to Somalia for her son,

These re-education trips were mentioned as yet another element in stigmatising the Somalis. Media attention to this phenomenon has made a reasoned debate difficult. However, indications in this study raise the question of whether the Danish authorities have adequate insights. Some have said that from personal experience voluntary reeducation trips or culture trips, a term which is preferred by some as more neutral, can have a positive, eye-opening effect on the mind of a young person. Others have referred to sad stories of young people being dumped in Somalia involuntarily. One such case involved a young boy and his sister who were left with families in Somalia for several years. The boy succeeded in travelling back to Denmark, but because of immigration regulations he had to apply for asylum again, was rejected and was to be expelled from Denmark

Aika erikoinen luku. Tässähän olisi pitänyt olla tietoja siitä, miten koulunkäynti somaleilla Tanskassa sujuu verrattuna muihin etnisiin ryhmiin ja toisaalta kantaväestöön, onko paljon koulunkeskeyttämisiä, miten opinnot jatkuvat peruskoulun jälkeen jne. jne. Ei mitään sellaista, ainoastaan loputonta öyhötystä syrjinnästä ja rasismista.

[Tosiasiallinen Nuiva]

Before 1989, only a couple of hundred Somali immigrants lived in Denmark, but by 2001 more than 16,000 people with a Somali background lived in Denmark. As of 1 July 2014, 19,163 persons were defined as being of Somali origin in Denmark.

Miten tämä kuulostaa kovin pieneltä väestön kasvulta? Artikkelissa puhutaan esim. yksitoistalapsisesta somaliperheestä, joten ottaen huomioon syntyvyyden enemmyyden, somaleja ei ole juurikaan saapunut Tanskaaan viimeisten kolmentoista vuoden aikana.

[Roope]

Artikkelissa puhutaan esim. yksitoistalapsisesta somaliperheestä, joten ottaen huomioon syntyvyyden enemmyyden, somaleja ei ole juurikaan saapunut Tanskaaan viimeisten kolmentoista vuoden aikana.

Ei ole. Laskeskelin muutama vuosi sitten, että silloin vain joka sadas Pohjoismaihin pyrkinyt somaliturvapaikanhakija tilastoitiin Tanskassa, vaikka luultavasti lähes kaikki heistä kulkivat Tanskan kautta Ruotsiin, Norjaan ja Suomeen. Näistä Tanskassa tilastoiduistakin suurin osa taisi olla viranomaisten kynsiin jääneitä, jotka hakivat turvapaikkaa pysyäkseen vapaalla jalalla.

[Kemolitor]

Miten tämä kuulostaa kovin pieneltä väestön kasvulta? Artikkelissa puhutaan esim. yksitoistalapsisesta somaliperheestä, joten ottaen huomioon syntyvyyden enemmyyden, somaleja ei ole juurikaan saapunut Tanskaaan viimeisten kolmentoista vuoden aikana.

Tätä asiaa on foorumilla aiemminkin hämmästelty:
http://hommaforum.org/index.php/topic,93410.msg1621272.html#msg1621272

Lainaan tuota viestiäni suoraan tähän:

Sivulta 53 löytyy siis tällainen taulukko (pahoittelen sotkuista ulkoasua, en jaksanut alkaa vääntämään sitä taulukoksi, on selkeämpi itse kirjassa:

Table 2.1: Percentage growth and size of the population, immigrant and descendant groups, by country of origin, 1998–2008
Percentage growth       Stock of population
   Immigrants    Descendants    Total    1998    2008
Iran    8.5%       71.7%       17.2%    12,712    14,896
Iraq    97.2%       289.5%       126.8%    12,751    28,917
Pakistan    11.7%       24.4%       17.2%    16,969    19,880
Somalia    -4.1%       125.3%       23.3%    13,535    16,689
Turkey    12.9%       40.3%       23.8%    46,994    58,191
Vietnam    9.9%       84.4%       27.9%    10,652    13,626
Danish origin             0.7%    4,950,153    4,985,415
Total population             3.7%    5,313,577    5,511,451

http://www.norden.org/fi/julkaisut/julkaisut/2013-561/at_download/publicationfile

Eikös tuo tarkoita sitä, että ajanjaksolla 1998-2008 maahan muuttaneiden somalien kokonaismäärä laski 4,1 % eli heitä muutti Tanskasta pois. Monessakohan muussa Euroopan maassa näin on päässyt käymään, maa ei ole pystynyt pitämään kiinni saamistaan voimavaroista?

Tosin heidän voimakas syntyvyytensä sitten tasoitti muuttotappion:

The table also reveals that the increase of Iraqis is a result of a large increase in descendants, which more than tripled during the period. To a lesser extent, this is also the case of the Somalis where the number of immigrants declined. In truth, all six groups experienced a larger increase in descendants than immigrants over the ten-year period.

*****************

Ainakin Englantiin on ymmärtääkseni suuntautunut juuri somalien Euroopan sisäistä muuttoa. Oliko asia kuitenkin niin, että turvapaikanhakijan pitää saada kansalaisuus (vai riittääkö pysyvä oleskelulupa) voidakseen muuttaa EU-maasta toiseen?

Toisaalta turvapaikkaa Tanskasta hakeneiden somalien määrätkin ovat vaihdelleet aika rajusti, tästä viestistä löytyy tarkempia lukuja:
http://hommaforum.org/index.php/topic,93410.msg1621272.html#msg1621272

1993-1997 Tanska oli Pohjolan ykkönen, mutta sitten tapahtui jotakin ja määrät alkoivat tippua, esimerkiksi 2008:
Ruotsi 3361, Tanska 10, Norja 1293, Suomi 1181.

[Kemolitor]

6. Employment s. 69 - 85

Karuilla faktoilla aloitetaan: somalien työllisyysaste on paljon matalampi kuin muilla ei-länsimaista lähtöisin olevilla maahanmuuttajilla:

s. 69: Compared with the 2012 employment rate (the percentage of the population of working age that is employed) of 68.7 percent in the average population, in 2012 the Danish-Somali population in Copenhagen 32.7 percent, which is higher that other cities in Denmark such as Aarhus, Odense, Aalborg and Kolding.The general employment rate in Denmark among Danish-Somali men (aged 16–64 years) was 30 percent, compared with 53 percent among the male immigrant non-Western population in general. The employment rate among Danish-Somali women was 26 percent in 2012, compared with 45 percent among women in general with non-Western background.

Vielä pahempaa, kolmannes 16-24 -vuotiaista ei ole töissä eikä koulutuksessa, ovat siis syrjäytyneet:

A substantial proportion (34 percent) of young Danish-Somalis between 16 and 24 years old (immigrants and descendants of immigrants) were not employed or enrolled in education in 2012

s. 70: The unemployment rate among the Somali population in Denmark is higher than among the total population; among Somalis, 27 percent are unemployed163 (37.2 percent including people participating in activation programmes), while only 5.4 percent of the total workforce is classified as unemployed (7.5 percent including those in activation programmes).

In general, the Danish-Somali population's social situation and their position in the labour market in Copenhagen are more insecure than that of the general population. For example, 10.6 percent of the Danish-Somali population receives social security (kontanthjælp), while only 2.4 percent of the general population receive it.

s. 74: In general, people with an ethnic-minority background are overrepresented in the proportion of unemployed citizens and citizens on social welfare. Several initiatives have been planned and implemented, including some that involve language training and language mentors for ethnic minorities.

Syrjintä se tietysti on syynä alhaiseen työllistymiseen, mikäpä muukaan:

s. 76: The research focused on Danish-Somalis' motivations to find a job. In her fieldwork the author met citizens who were highly motivated to find employment and to leave the social welfare system, but who encountered barriers like the lack of a network and discrimination.

Mediakin taas tekee kiusaa kirjoittelemalla sosiaalituella elävistä:

Somali women in the employment focus group were very dissatisfied with the job centre and the municipality in general. Their criticism, however, was part of a general frustration with what they felt was a closed labour market and a media representation of Somalis as people who avoided working and preferred being on social welfare.

Rukoilu ja hijab ovat aiheuttaneet ongelmia työelämässä:

s. 82: The same woman later referred to a conflict and harassment that had taken place 10 years ago with her then line manager, in connection with her being Muslim and wearing the hijab and wanting to pray at the workplace. She did not want to leave her job, so her union and her senior manager were involved. The conflict was resolved in the sense that the harassment stopped when the manager was moved to another workplace. She described the incident as one of misunderstanding and conflict, but not discrimination.

s. 83: But here, there were also references to discrimination because of the hijab and abaya (long black dress). Better opportunities among other ethnic minorities, especially those more adjusted to Western clothes, were compared.

Voisikohan kuitenkin edes varovasti harkita huivin ja kaavun riisumista, jos se auttaisi työllistymään.

Discrimination in the labour market was identified as a problem not only in focus groups but also among stakeholders of Danish-Somali background, for example a NGO representative said:

It is the employees who are prejudiced, they need to change their behaviour. If I take, as an example, myself, I was unemployed 18 months after finishing my education. When unemployment is at its highest, then the selectivity and discrimination are at their highest. They don't look for qualifications and skills, it's discrimination at a different level.

7. Housing s. 86 - 95

s. 86: The majority, 81.8 percent, of Danish-Somalis live in social housing (Almene/almennyttige boliger),213 compared with just 20.2 percent of the general population.214 Of the non-Danish-Somalis, 20.25 percent live in owneroccupied dwellings, while only 0.13 percent of Danish-Somalis do.

Ei ole Tanskassakaan järjestetty muslimeille sopivaa lainajärjestelmää:

s. 84: Economic capacity is of course vital when it comes to choice of housing, but also religious background, such as being a Muslim, may influence the choice. Some Muslims avoid taking interest for loans for religious reasons and therefore live in rented housing.

These areas often house a high proportion of immigrants and their descendants, employment rates and educational achievement are low, many families have low incomes and there are problems with crime and insecurity.

Seuraavissa kahdessa lainauksessa on minusta aika paha ristiriita, kirjoittaja ei valitettavasti ole tätä huomannut:

s. 89: The public discourse often states that there are recurring cross-community "troubles" and general "insecurity" in multi-ethnic neighbourhoods; studies, however, indicate that residents in such neighbourhoods respect their neighbours and have positive attitudes towards each other.

s. 93: Over the years some neighbourhoods have become so insecure, particularly for the younger generation, that some community organisers are concerned about the overall negative development:
Somalis live in areas with many immigrants and refugees—these are poor and marginalised neighbourhoods. There are many problems in these neighbourhoods. It is easy for children to be recruited and socialised badly. There is no direct racism and exclusion in these neighbourhoods but there are gang problems.

Somalilasten iloinen ja reipas ääntely käy pottunokkien hermoille:

s. 93: Specific conflicts Somalis experience, for instance, are cases where families with many children run up against hostile neighbours, particularly elderly Danes and people living alone who often complain about noise and disturbance.

Avioerot ovat somaleilla kovinkin yleisisiä, miehille ei sitten jää muuta vaihtoehtoa kuin alkaa nappailemaan huumaavia aineita:

s. 94: A study of divorced Somali women suggests that the divorce rate among Somali women in Denmark could be as high as 75 percent. For some men this can lead to homelessness and drug abuse:
People with drug abuse, people who move from other parts of Denmark [to Copenhagen], and people who lose accommodation due to family problems and divorce. They are different, but the problems are there and everybody can see it.

8. Health and social protection s. 96 - 110

Terveysosiossa esille tulee myös korkeat rikollisuusluvut, jotka tietenkin johtuvat kantaväestöstä:

s. 102: One of the participants talked about the Danish-Somali children being overlooked:
How is it that this child is lost within the system at some point? Again, when we look at the statistics, at the crime rate, immigrants rank very highly compared with ethnically Danish citizens. Why is that? It is because child-minders, teachers, various authorities close their eyes to the problems.

Henkiset vaivat eivät ole tuntemattomia somaleilla Tanskassakaan:

s. 103: In the focus group on health and social protection the participants agreed that there are many Danish-Somalis with mental health problems who do not receive appropriate treatment and care.

Social and health-care workers interviewed for this study suggested that more attention needs to be paid to the mental health-care needs of Danish-Somalis.

Parhaiten pää asettuu kotomaassa Koraania lukemalla:

For instance, distrust in the Danish psychiatric system led a family to send a schizophrenic young man to Somaliland, where he was locked up and chained in an Elaj, which is a psychiatric institution run by people who believe that mental illness can be treated with Quranic recitation, electric impulses and herbs. The young man was later sent back to Denmark and received treatment in a Danish psychiatric hospital.

Khattia epäillään syypääksi, kun mentaalinen tasapaino järkähtää:

Then you have to work out how to help all of those who are addicted to chewing khat. Khat-chewing leads to many things, depression, paranoia etc.

Some people, who did not have psychological problems when they arrived in Denmark, but because they now have some money and somewhere to sleep, they also have easy access to khat. So when you chew it every day, you just sleep all day and after two to three years they're given early retirement, even though the person is 30 years old. So you find many Somalis, who are given early retirement because of khat abuse.

They are given money, they buy khat, yes, but then why do they choose to chew it?

s. 106: Added to the problems of referring the young people to proper treatment, housing and other services, it also seemed to be difficult to motivate them to change their situation because of what the social worker characterised as a society with an "anti-Somali" attitude:
But it is just difficult for me to tell any Somalis that you just have to keep fighting etc., etc., because I see that behind this, reality is slightly different, because they say, well okay, if we do all of this, get out of crime, enter into rehabilitation for substance abuse, if we do this and do that, well, what then? Will there be a job, will it be easier to get into a nightclub? Will we then not be spat on in the streets? Will people stop calling us terrorists, etc., etc. you know?

Yhteiskunta, jolla on somalivastainen asenne. Kuulostaa pahalta, mutta taas kerran se perinteinen pohtimisen aihe: mistähän tällainen asenne mahtaa syntyä. Tanskassakin on monenlaisia etnisiä maahanmuuttajaryhmiä, mistä yhteiskunnalle on tullut juuri somalivastainen asenne.


9. Policing and security s. 111 - 123

Nuoret liittyvät rikollisjengeihin, mutta syy koulujen:

s. 119: One of the stakeholders reported an increasing number of Somalis joining gangs:
There are lots of gang problems here and there's been an increase in the number of Somalis who join these gangs, unfortunately. Especially in the areas where most Somalis live, in the Tingbjerg etc. This is a new development, it's been happening for the last three or four years. Somalis aren't people who have gangs, like so many minority groups have, but they become part of the gangs. They are attracted to it, they become part of it. The reason lies in the way these schools function. One starts becoming part of these gangs from very early on, you're given a bit of money or some sweets for keeping an eye out for the police. From there on out it escalates quickly, and then you're suddenly trafficking something, or you're selling weed and then you've really already entered the circles and it is very difficult to get back out of it again.

Aikalailla löysä luku. Poliisien syrjinnästä tietenkin valitettiin, stop and search -jutut kohdistuvat liikaa somaleihin, terroristeiksi epäillään jne. Mutta ei mitään tietoa siitä, miten somaleilla sujuu Tanskassa sopeutuminen paikallisiin lakeihin.


10. Participation and citizenchip s. 124 - 130

s. 127: Many Somalis, particularly younger people in the focus groups on identity and belonging and civic and political participation, expressed disappointment with the political system.

Toisaalta vanhempi väkikään ei politiikasta ole kiinnostunut:

s. 128: For some focus group members, the main reason for Danish-Somalis' reluctance to participate in politics is their experience of civil war, which has diminished their appetite for long-term political strategies. It was suggested that people who have experienced civil war remain cautious and fearful towards political organisations and other forms of social mobilisation

Sekava selitys. Minä olisin kuvitellut, että juuri sisällissodan kokeneet olisivat innostuneita, kun pääsevät äänestämään tai vaikkapa asettumaan ehdokkaaksi, sellaista herkkua ei sisällissodassa tainnut  paljoa olla tarjolla.


11. The role of the media s. 131 - 139

s. 131: In successive reports over the past decade, the ECRI has criticised the Danish media for creating negative images of ethnic minorities and thereby contributing to a general climate of intolerance and discrimination against ethnic minorities and, in particular, Muslims in Denmark.

s. 132: The conclusion of the study was that a large proportion of the news stories dealing with Muslims and Islam was negatively framed and restricted to topics like extremism, terror and sharia, whereas positive actions and difficult topics like racism and discrimination against Muslims were more or less non-existent in the coverage. Constructed through an antagonistic and hierarchical relationship between Danes and Muslims, Muslim culture and Islam tended to be represented as a threat to Danish society and Danish values.

A scan through 2013 news involving the search word "Somali" gives an impression of what seems to be an aggravated version of the characteristics noted by the two reports. News reports focus on piracy, terror, fraud, assaults, rape, incest, unemployment, the social burden and lack of integration, but also—even though to a much lesser degree— prejudices against Somalis, the invisible successes of young Danish-Somalis and local media reporting on neighbourhood mothers facilitating integration, cultural events, etc.

s. 133: But that it's commonly said that Somalis don't work, we don't understand that. It doesn't make sense. It is not just among the employees at the job centre, it's generally in the media, in the newspapers, that it's being said: the Somalis just sit at home.

Niin, voisiko tuossa median väitteessä olla mitään järkeä:

s. 69: Compared with the 2012 employment rate (the percentage of the population of working age that is employed) of 68.7 percent in the average population, in 2012 the Danish-Somali population in Copenhagen 32.7 percent.

Työllisyysaste melkein puolet koko väestön työllisyysasteesta (32,7 % ja 68,7 %) ja media kehtaa väittää, etteivät somali käy töissä.

s. 139: My biggest worry in relation to politicians is that they always want to come in and talk about Somalis only when there are negative stories in the media, and not come and speak with Somalis when those kind of stories aren't in the media. When Somalis are mentioned, it is only negative, and it is only then all of the politicians ... like Søren Espersen: all of those Somalis, they need to get out of the country.

Søren Espersen edustaa Tanskan kansanpuoluetta.

Yksinkertaistaen voisi ajatella, että on kaksi vaihtoehtoa sille, miten lehdet lopettaisivat tai edes vähentäisivät negatiivisten asioiden kirjoittamista somaleista:
a) Somalit eivät enää anna lehdille aiheita negatiiviseen kirjoitteluun. Työpaikkoja tietysti ei noin vain hankita, mutta esimerkiksi kaikenlaisen rötöstelyn ja khatin jyystämisen lopettaminen vaikuttaisi varmaankin kirjoittelun sävyyn.
b) Lehdet lopettavat negatiivisten asioiden kertomisen somaleista, kirjoittavat vain positiivisista asioista, kuten Suomessa tehdään.


12. Conclusions s. 140 - 145

s. 140: For example, it is a younger population, with the vast majority living in rented accommodation and subsisting on less than the average income; there are more single-parent families and more children in families; and employment rates are lower, with more unemployment. Whatever the reasons, the social and economically disadvantaged situation of Danish-Somali Copenhageners poses great problems in living and organising everyday life.

One of the most consistent results in the interviews was the very high level of discrimination and stereotyping experienced by people with a Danish-Somali background.

Jos etnisestä ryhmästä turhan moni käyttäytyy stererotypioiden mukaisesti, on aika vaikeaa osoittaa stereotypioita vääriksi.

Syrjintää tulee oikeastaan kaikista mahdollisista suunnista:

Discrimination was experienced in many contexts. The educational system, the media and the labour market were mentioned most often, but it was also encountered in social housing, the city administration, and especially among young Danish-Somali men in their interactions with the police and in accessing nightlife. Most of the non-Danish-Somali stakeholders interviewed recognised the experience of discrimination among the Danish-Somalis.

Ja se media, vain negatiivisia stereotypioita:

Discussions in all focus groups and among the majority of stakeholders interviewed (both ethnic-majority and minority) emphasised the role of the media as crucial for the inclusion and identity of Danish-Somalis. In general the media are understood to be dominated by negative stereotypes of Danish-Somalis and Somalis elsewhere.

Ilmeisesti maahanmuutto työllistää Tanskassakin ihan mukavasti:

s. 141: Bridge-builders have been established. There are health communicators, integration advisers, dialogue consultants, discrimination consultants, discrimination advisers, neighbourhood mothers and Somali bridge-builders, who are all facilitating access to the system, as well as informing ethnic-majority professionals about the concerns of ethnic minorities.

Syrjintäkonsultantti, syrjintäneuvoja, dialoogikonsultantti, integraationeuvoja: ei taida olla Suomessa vielä keksitty tuollaisia virkanimikkeitä. Ehkä meillä ei kuitenkaan ole näiden ammattinimikkeiden tarvitsemaa määrää syrjintää.

s. 142: Discrimination in education was very high, which suggests that there is an urgent need to deal more explicitly with discrimination in the classroom.

Many of those interviewed were very offended by the government officially terming their social housing neighbourhood a ghetto, perceiving it as an insult and yet another mechanism of exclusion.

s. 144: Mental health was a specific area of concern, and according to the focus group discussion, there are many Danish-Somalis with mental illnesses who are not given the proper treatment by the authorities.

13. Recommendations s. 146 - 149

Erittäin pitkä lista suosituksia, mitä yhteiskunnan pitäisi tehdä parantaakseen somalien asemaa. Ei vihjaustakaan siihen, että somalit voisivat itse tehdä jotakin asialle.


Raportin perusteella voisi tiivistäen sanoa, etteivät somalit ole onnistuneet kotoutumisessaan Tanskaan ollenkaan hyvin, huonosti ovat siis kotoutuneet. Syy on syrjinnän, pitää tutkia asiaa vielä tarkemmin, mutta minusta tuntuu että näistä OSF-raporteista juuri Kööpenhaminan raportissa valitetaan syrjinnäistä kaikkein eniten.

[Tosiasiallinen Nuiva]

Tilanne Tanskassa näyttää olevan ihan yhtä syvältä kuin Suomessakin. Kaikki somalien ongelmat ovat kuulemma pottunokkien syytä ja pottunokilla on velvollisuus kustantaa kaikki älyttömät kotoutustoimenpiteet, joista ei kuitenkaan ole mitään hyötyä.

Somaleilla ei näytä olevan mitään vastuuta itsestään, vaan jopa narkkaus on pottunokkien syytä. Aivan kuten muuallakin parannusehdotukseksi tarjotaan lisää verovaroin kustannettua hyysäystä ja median sensurointia.

Lopuksi täytyy todeta, että näiden tutkimusten tekijät ovat täysin epäpäteviä tekemään mitään objektiivista tutkimusta.

[miheikki]

Offtopiccia. Pirun pitkän matkan ovat vaeltaneet ongelmia aiheuttamaan.

12 Gangs That Are Keeping The FBI Awake At Night

http://www.businessinsider.com/12-gangs-on-the-fbis-radar-2014-3?utm_content=buffer33cdc&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer#fears-of-a-somali-gang-war-are-plaguing-minnesota-5

Fears of a Somali gang war are plaguing Minnesota.

FBI
Somali gangs have cropped up in many U.S. cities, including Seattle, San Diego, and Minneapolis, which has a history of welcoming Somali refugees.

While some Somali immigrants adopt Blood or Crip membership, separate Somali gangs are becoming more prevalent across the country. They often experience tension with other African-American gangs, such as groups comprised of Ethiopian refugees.

Somali gangs have been involved in alien smuggling, human trafficking, credit card fraud, prostitution, and violent crime. Minneapolis continues to have problems with Somali gangs. Over the summer, a number of shootings aimed at Somalis sparked fears of a gang war in the Somali community in Minnesota.



Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/12-gangs-on-the-fbis-radar-2014-3?op=1#ixzz3L3UDZ8y5

[Kemolitor]

Lopuksi täytyy todeta, että näiden tutkimusten tekijät ovat täysin epäpäteviä tekemään mitään objektiivista tutkimusta.

Olen samaa mieltä kanssasi. Varsinkin loppupään raporteissa olisi pitänyt hyödyntää alkupään raportteja, jotka varmastikin olivat käytettävissä silloin kun viimeisiä raportteja kirjoitettiin. Missään raportissa ei kuitenkaan viitattu aikaisempiin raportteihin. Voi tietysti ajatella, että haluttiin keskittyä vain valitun alueen somaleihin, mutta aikamoista tieteellistä laiskuutta sellainen ajattelu osoittaa.

Kööpenhaminan raportin kirjoittajalla oli kuitenkin jo käytössään Helsingin, Malmön ja Oslon raportit, jolloin viimeisimmästä raportista olisi saanut paljon kiinnostavamman vertailemalla tilannetta muiden pohjoismaiden tilanteeseen.

Kaikissa raporteissa oli monia yhteisiä piirteitä:
- somalien työllistymistilanne on huonompi kuin muilla etnisillä ryhmillä, eikä koulukaan hyvin mene
- yksinhuoltajuus on myös erittäin yleistä
- khattia järsitään joka maassa, mutta sen vaikutusta somalin kotoutumattomuuteen ei oikein lainkaan pohdita
- kaikenlaisia esteitä kotoutumisen tiellä keksitään, mutta samat esteet ovat muillakin kauempaa tulevilla
- media esittää somalit kaikissa maissa negatiivisessa valossa, ilmeisesti takana on eurooppalaisten lehtien salaliitto, ei kai sille muuta selitystä voi olla

Aika monessa raportissa todettiin myös somalien mielenterveysongelmat, varovaisia epäilyjä khatin käytön vaikutuksesta henkiseen tasapainoon esitettiin, mutta sitäkään ei kunnolla uskallettu pohtia.

Suoritin vielä syrjintäanalyysin ankaran tieteellisellä metodilla, annoin Abode Readerin laskea dokumenteista määrätyt sanat:

discrimination, discriminated ym.
Helsinki 99 kpl
Oslo 60 kpl
Malmö 76 kpl
Amsterdam 29 kpl
Leicester 21
Lontoo 38
Kööpenhamina 195

Racism, racist ym.
Helsinki  75 kpl
Oslo 6 kpl
Malmö 20 kpl
Amsterdam 0 kpl
Leicester 7
Lontoo 6
Kööpenhamina 44

Mitähän näistä voisi päätellä? Kööpenhaminassa on tuplaten enemmän syrjintää kuin Helsingissä, mutta rasismin suhteen tilanne on päinvastainen.

Tai sitten ei. Joissakin raporteissa on edes yritetty pohtia syitä somalien negatiiviseen erottumiseen monilla mittareilla mitattuna tai sitten annetaan vain faktat, joissakin (Helsinki ja Kööpenhamina) toistellaan joka asiaan syrjintä-mantraa. Luultavasti kyse on raportin kirjoittajan omasta asenteesta.